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<div class="text-container galileo-ap-content-editor"><div><div><span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">April 2019</span></div></div></div>
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<div class="text-container galileo-ap-content-editor"><div><div><span style="font-size: 26px; color: rgb(61, 97, 108); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">INVASIVE SPECIES</span></div></div></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">The relationship between tree diversity and invasive pests? It’s complicated.</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nonnative pests are a significant threat to forest ecosystems. Chestnut blight, for example, decimated the American chestnut throughout its range in the early 1900s, while the emerald ash borer and hemlock woolly adelgid are continuing to expand their North American ranges. In order to prevent future invasions, ecologists are working to understand the factors that enable exotic pests to become established. To that end, researchers paired a dataset of 130,210 forest plots with a dataset of county-level pest occurrences across the United States. They found that pest diversity was highest when tree diversity ranged from 30 to 35 species. When tree species were more or less diverse, the number of pests declined—creating a hump-shaped graph. They hypothesize that more tree species increase pests’ odds of survival to a certain point, but once there are too many hosts, the pests became isolated from one another. There seem to be many factors affecting invasions, but these results could help scientists identify and monitor forests at high risk. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">Abstract: </span><a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001Rdw36rlts1lfLOMdbsw1_y0SG6IR_I0jYi9uD8xIW-XkreSw5MIM47E8jEHWl52-SyHCCTjnauVadUt2HmzELkf8zjjsflAhRGoP0Ghxg2_M9drYRzzYc5p5fft7ZQ09N7ADENNTmxun-haNYN5hLLB_etS43zgf8hZkl4NSEJvz_snadTW9BCjQsJ4d8h8hFGpk46gERvo=&c=kJaRfUqcQXRaPN5SWg12NFVyBojUF6kw003JzCia-BNf6t7kquvWUw==&ch=JfIOkXzdYv5Q0lkKGPAX9NgR35El9WkvQOtPaP1L8M34CTH0MIbf-g==" target="_blank" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(100, 152, 58); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: underline;">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">Press Release: </span><a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001Rdw36rlts1lfLOMdbsw1_y0SG6IR_I0jYi9uD8xIW-XkreSw5MIM47E8jEHWl52-TYiaSHXmx75ADcmILjs4EOIvVBGn-xPrzzmL4nsdmijYiUzucgCF3GehorEe33-BpfSThHurzPE850cudnSRhNLYCH7jqOImuZDzv8qfNQQ-bFjzQ5oU243RmxHICC-iDW3okgCmZ2gKrppAUE-lc1samRqUh3AAtjzIkRTKreo=&c=kJaRfUqcQXRaPN5SWg12NFVyBojUF6kw003JzCia-BNf6t7kquvWUw==&ch=JfIOkXzdYv5Q0lkKGPAX9NgR35El9WkvQOtPaP1L8M34CTH0MIbf-g==" target="_blank" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(100, 152, 58); font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; text-decoration: underline;">North Carolina State University</a>
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<div class="text-container galileo-ap-content-editor"><div><div><span style="font-size: 26px; color: rgb(61, 97, 108); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY</span></div></div></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">There’s more nitrate in Northeastern forest streams than anyone realized</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nitrate is a form of nitrogen that can be used by plants and microbes. But when nitrate moves through forest systems too quickly, it can bypass biological uptake and wind up in streams and lakes instead. Scientists measured water chemistry in the Northern Forest region of the United States and Canada and found that more nitrate is present in streams than previously thought. Nitrogen is essential to biological productivity, but too much of it causes pollution. The authors link the excess nitrogen in forest streams to industry, energy production, transportation, and agriculture.  </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">Abstract: </span><a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001Rdw36rlts1lfLOMdbsw1_y0SG6IR_I0jYi9uD8xIW-XkreSw5MIM47E8jEHWl52-eXmoJEeWhP5OrPokDkEPIdvM-hM_It-bRMQqRy45PWkIF8TpXhHkJk9wZFZcJvOpCFZ9DoxsNFi0MZ58J-__nzMfkd41pg8N-g4bJMn6qF6GSGWRrRlEMulnuyTU0nQApN_YKGgLKFgeWX_2rzRXMw==&c=kJaRfUqcQXRaPN5SWg12NFVyBojUF6kw003JzCia-BNf6t7kquvWUw==&ch=JfIOkXzdYv5Q0lkKGPAX9NgR35El9WkvQOtPaP1L8M34CTH0MIbf-g==" target="_blank" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(100, 152, 58); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: underline;">Environmental Science & Technology</a>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">Press Release: </span><a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001Rdw36rlts1lfLOMdbsw1_y0SG6IR_I0jYi9uD8xIW-XkreSw5MIM47E8jEHWl52-EZLe13KV7s03-Kvc6KnsrdehqbnKpljlzjVju6NhLmPg47m2ZbmydJmcFEiHtbh5kdphHDS4TwSM5vvpG9_twxV2vBL6AM1uXegZ5UnKjSOy1DW0w9bcpHDR4UM5Y9alDtJMBLyljZScJFdsX7ysWA==&c=kJaRfUqcQXRaPN5SWg12NFVyBojUF6kw003JzCia-BNf6t7kquvWUw==&ch=JfIOkXzdYv5Q0lkKGPAX9NgR35El9WkvQOtPaP1L8M34CTH0MIbf-g==" target="_blank" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(100, 152, 58); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal;">USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station</a>
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<div class="text-container galileo-ap-content-editor"><div><div><span style="font-size: 26px; color: rgb(61, 97, 108); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">FOREST REGENERATION</span></div></div></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Human-made stressors are creating “regeneration debt” in northeastern forests</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Researchers from the University of Maine and the National Park Service analyzed data from 18 states, from South Carolina to Maine, to understand how development, invasive species, and growing deer populations are impacting forest regeneration. They found that some species are failing to regenerate in the mid-Atlantic region. The “regeneration debt,” the authors warn, could have wide-ranging impacts—trees that would otherwise find suitable new habit further north as the climate warms may be unable to migrate beyond the barriers they face in the mid-Atlantic. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">Abstract:</span><span style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Cambria, Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001Rdw36rlts1lfLOMdbsw1_y0SG6IR_I0jYi9uD8xIW-XkreSw5MIM47E8jEHWl52-j5L9LUUvuJvvIjKkySjUhgvq6bEWV9Wyzz_fNoU2mp84X3LFvrgzQ8sFPAQOJCr9Tc8gZEMx_QMsj6rXgWQ9Xm4q1FMv5jFJbGdgXGpbkv8fWnAjHdxWakELFZ9ReWhnbaxx60OYCFKBiPmwNpLveSS17fDUEoQO&c=kJaRfUqcQXRaPN5SWg12NFVyBojUF6kw003JzCia-BNf6t7kquvWUw==&ch=JfIOkXzdYv5Q0lkKGPAX9NgR35El9WkvQOtPaP1L8M34CTH0MIbf-g==" target="_blank" style="font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(100, 152, 58); font-style: italic; text-decoration: underline;">Journal of Applied Ecology</a>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">Press Release: </span><a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001Rdw36rlts1lfLOMdbsw1_y0SG6IR_I0jYi9uD8xIW-XkreSw5MIM47E8jEHWl52-RqV5VFo9Wu_X6Nx3mkGM4hrusIbvCCpvo1ylV7MzZRne-0MxZTRPOv9jDsGl17LB5MR7UZEWOmc4lVC4vnhqvTo_D15pfT-THRSX1CrwJrdP5E1jo8-dGs-RnbxpBA116H5Ru8-hFhJE3KmqVARRnF852B6frcYUuFXE9LSlozDZo8L0-TeaVpaZRyn9zCv4Mmv6Un02whJxiGPYKfXKFWDncYsPruJSZ0oIPAJ_jiE=&c=kJaRfUqcQXRaPN5SWg12NFVyBojUF6kw003JzCia-BNf6t7kquvWUw==&ch=JfIOkXzdYv5Q0lkKGPAX9NgR35El9WkvQOtPaP1L8M34CTH0MIbf-g==" target="_blank" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(100, 152, 58); font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; text-decoration: underline;">The University of Maine</a>
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<div><span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Reflecting on Harvard Forest’s experimental hurricane, 30 years later</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In March 2019, Harvard Forest celebrated 30 years as a Long Term Ecological Research site—a program funded by the National Science Foundation for studying long-term and large-scale phenomena. One of the very first projects Harvard Forest initiated under the LTER designation was both long-term and large-scale: Scientists pulled down 279 trees to mimic hurricane damage in an experimental plot and have been meticulously measuring the forest’s recovery ever since. They’ve found that the forest has recovered surprisingly well. The amount of leaf litter in the damaged plot returned to normal after just six years, and the species composition has remained fairly stable. Growth in the experimental plot has yet to catch up with the surrounding area, but researchers will continue to monitor regeneration, among other forest characteristics, in the years to come.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">Article:</span><span style="font-size: 16px;"> </span><a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001Rdw36rlts1lfLOMdbsw1_y0SG6IR_I0jYi9uD8xIW-XkreSw5MIM47E8jEHWl52-ZPfjFV-nxwiOEBMw8pe8tsyFh7p8vhEEInFMUpfdCDU7YeGgdRYuEOsQ5Cpn2YVUxyzRBg5wSHOxO733rw9Li0vG0N1kqHmdmNJ2CnKo_bXjgpngnv0wcncX3fUdYUr3X-U8Jtpzr4smRBo3yKw5PRDPI6LemyAN3i9akYH45jULr2r69DQwo8eoTTBJ6Tw4hGWJfNM8hPc=&c=kJaRfUqcQXRaPN5SWg12NFVyBojUF6kw003JzCia-BNf6t7kquvWUw==&ch=JfIOkXzdYv5Q0lkKGPAX9NgR35El9WkvQOtPaP1L8M34CTH0MIbf-g==" target="_blank" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(100, 152, 58); font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Harvard Gazette</a>
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<div class="text-container galileo-ap-content-editor"><div><div><span style="font-size: 26px; color: rgb(61, 97, 108); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">HUBBARD BROOK HIGHLIGHT</span></div></div></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">How does lichen composition change with elevation?</span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lichens are often used as indicators for air pollution and other human-induced environmental changes because of their high sensitivity to their environments—these complex organisms absorb nutrients as well as pollutants from the atmosphere. Researchers at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest set out to test whether the composition of lichen communities within the forest is more influenced by atmospheric pollution or by moisture; both tend to increase with elevation gain. </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div><span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;">They sampled twelve plots between 480 and 900 meters of elevation and identified 68 different lichen species, including twelve regionally rare species and four that had not been documented in New Hampshire before. The distribution pattern of the lichens suggests that pollution is not currently restricting which lichen species occur in the forest, though the legacy of acid rain in the region does seem to have affected the current species composition. The lichen at Hubbard Brook do seem to be responding to the higher availability of moisture at greater elevations, leading the authors to question whether optimal moisture conditions could help lichen overcome the effects of certain types of air pollution. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-weight: bold;">Abstract [full PDF behind paywall]:</span> <a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001Rdw36rlts1lfLOMdbsw1_y0SG6IR_I0jYi9uD8xIW-XkreSw5MIM47E8jEHWl52-L2iC8gn2zbDiSaNHlnCDFPsBIbV2n1EFcPFhYGuTObVZyYAwSvQmnMf5LAQViRywk0bLDe2CMWuN3yWgZfkSAEWE78nNiSQXWJtNWrm9b0Q33HeIwR2fp9bNT7T7VfSGJTwoHLMtiDuUfKD9znQiYgeY3NI18UgYqL8BjGC0YUU=&c=kJaRfUqcQXRaPN5SWg12NFVyBojUF6kw003JzCia-BNf6t7kquvWUw==&ch=JfIOkXzdYv5Q0lkKGPAX9NgR35El9WkvQOtPaP1L8M34CTH0MIbf-g==" target="_blank" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(100, 152, 58); font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-decoration: underline;">The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society</a>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(232, 232, 232); font-weight: normal;">The Hubbard Brook Research Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting the </span><a href="http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001Rdw36rlts1lfLOMdbsw1_y0SG6IR_I0jYi9uD8xIW-XkreSw5MIM4yVvhNErosDEgnJcaOdunjDYukuBg8dCMNk6JYp_QRkstALEG7rG4tQQznxZGXmOc_JwuoQD0nxC7-5UhF3a1kXX7mSgQ_xaWw==&c=kJaRfUqcQXRaPN5SWg12NFVyBojUF6kw003JzCia-BNf6t7kquvWUw==&ch=JfIOkXzdYv5Q0lkKGPAX9NgR35El9WkvQOtPaP1L8M34CTH0MIbf-g==" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(232, 232, 232); font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; text-decoration: underline;">Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study</a><span style="color: rgb(232, 232, 232); font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: rgb(232, 232, 232); font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic;">Forest Science News</span><span style="color: rgb(232, 232, 232); font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal;"> is a science communication tool designed to improve communication between ecosystem scientists and public audiences in the northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada.</span><span style="color: rgb(232, 232, 232); font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;"> </span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold;">Please email ideas and questions to: </span><a href="mailto:sciencelinks@hubbardbrookfoundation.org" target="_blank" style="font-size: 14px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; text-decoration: underline;">sciencelinks@hubbardbrookfoundation.org</a>
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